What does it mean when an artery is “100% blocked”?
What exactly is a chronic total occlusion? A chronic total occlusion (CTO) is a complete blockage of a coronary artery — graded as 100% stenosis — that has been present for at least three months. Unlike an acute heart attack, where a previously normal artery suddenly closes, a CTO has typically developed gradually over years from progressive […]
Refused bypass surgery? What CHIP PCI actually means.
When to seek a cardiac second opinion, what documents to prepare, how to submit them remotely, and why international cardiac guidelines explicitly endorse second opinions before irreversible decisions such as bypass surgery.