What does it mean when an artery is “100% blocked”?
What exactly is a chronic total occlusion? A chronic total occlusion (CTO) is a complete blockage of a coronary artery — graded as 100% stenosis — that has been present for at least three months. Unlike an acute heart attack, where a previously normal artery suddenly closes, a CTO has typically developed gradually over years from progressive […]
Refused bypass surgery? What CHIP PCI actually means.
When to seek a cardiac second opinion, what documents to prepare, how to submit them remotely, and why international cardiac guidelines explicitly endorse second opinions before irreversible decisions such as bypass surgery.
How to ask for a second opinion on a cardiac diagnosis.
What CHIP PCI is, who qualifies, what haemodynamic support devices are used, what outcomes are achievable for patients with severely reduced heart function, and why India has the infrastructure to deliver this safely.